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For two years, many US property owners and industrial operators waited to see whether federal PFAS cleanup liability would survive legal challenge. In 2026, they got their answer. On August 18, 2026, the D.C. Circuit unanimously denied industry petitions and upheld EPA’s designation of PFOA and PFOS as hazardous substances under CERCLA, the federal Superfund law. That ruling keeps the door open for cleanup orders and cost recovery claims tied to these two chemicals. If your site ever used firefighting foam, metal plating, coatings, textiles treatments, or other PFAS sources, the question is no longer whether PFAS liability applies. The question is how much contamination sits in your soil and groundwater, and what the cleanup will cost. What changed for PFAS in 2026 Three developments set the direction this year. First, the CERCLA ruling. With the designation upheld, EPA keeps its ability to pursue response actions and cost recovery for PFOA and PFOS releases. Second, drinking water standards. On May 18, EPA proposed keeping the 4 parts per trillion limits for PFOA and PFOS while rescinding limits for four other PFAS. The proposal would move the compliance date from April 2029 to April 2031 for systems that request more time. A two year extension does not change the target. Utilities still need to get PFOA and PFOS below 4 ppt. Third, private lawsuits. In April 2026, a utility filed a CERCLA cost recovery action based on the PFOA and PFOS hazardous substance listings. Expect more claims as utilities spend money on treatment and look for the parties who caused the contamination. These limits also matter beyond drinking water. The 2024 rule effectively set groundwater cleanup standards in states such as Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, and set CERCLA remedial cleanup criteria for PFOA and PFOS in groundwater. Why PFAS sites start with hydrogeology PFAS behave differently from fuels or solvents. They dissolve in water, resist breakdown, and travel long distances in groundwater. They also cling to soil, so a source area can feed a plume for decades. You cannot design a cleanup without knowing where the contamination sits and where groundwater carries the chemicals. That is the job of hydrogeological consulting. A typical investigation covers five areas. Site history review. Records of foam use, fire training areas, process lines, spills, and waste disposal to locate likely source zones. Soil sampling. Borings at and below source areas to measure PFAS concentrations by depth.…
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